What is encouraged in children at the 'Autonomy vs. Doubt/Shame' stage?

During the 'Autonomy vs. Doubt/Shame' stage, which typically occurs in early childhood, children are encouraged to make their own choices. This developmental stage is characterized by a growing sense of independence, where children begin to assert control over their actions and decisions. They explore their environment, develop self-confidence, and initiate tasks on their own.

Supporting this autonomy allows children to gain a sense of competence and helps them validate their abilities. When children make choices, whether in play, learning, or daily activities, they learn from the consequences of those choices, which contributes to their overall cognitive and social development. Fostering this independence is crucial for building self-esteem and reducing feelings of shame or doubt about their abilities.

The emphasis on making their own choices is foundational for developing responsible decision-making skills that will benefit them as they grow older. In contrast, the other options like dependence on adults, avoiding risks, or solely seeking validation from others do not promote the development of autonomy and could hinder a child's confidence and ability to navigate challenges independently.